\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u5728\u70f9\u98ea\u6559\u80b2\u5b78\u9662 (ICE) \u86cb\u7cd5\u88dd\u98fe\u85dd\u8853\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u554f\u6211\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u8208\u596e\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002 \u5f26\u6a02\u5de5\u4f5c\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u73fe\u3002 \u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u6c92\u6709\u807d\u8aaa\u904e\u86cb\u7cd5\u88dd\u98fe\u6280\u8853\u3002 \u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5716\u50cf\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u9ede\u5bb3\u6015\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9019\u7a2e\u50b3\u7d71\u6280\u8853\u6b77\u7d93\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5584\u3002 \u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u7cd6\u971c\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u5c16\u7aef\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u5606\u7684\u53cd\u91cd\u529b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u9ad8\u6280\u80fd\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u5f26\u6a02\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u6771\u65b9\u5f26\u6a02\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8207\u8a31\u591a\u86cb\u7cd5\u88dd\u98fe\u50b3\u7d71\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u7e69\u7dda\u5de5\u85dd\u662f\u5f9e 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u4ea4\u82f1\u570b\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6280\u8853\u6f14\u8b8a\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u3002 \u86cb\u7cd5\u88dd\u98fe\u5927\u5e2b\u548c\u5f26\u6a02\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5eda Toba Garrett \u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u904e\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u5171\u9cf4\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002 \u4e00\u4f4d\u4f86\u81ea\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u86cb\u7cd5\u88dd\u98fe\u5e2b\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u5411\u88f1\u82b1\u5927\u5e2b\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c07\u4e00\u5c64\u53c8\u4e00\u5c64\u7684\u88f1\u82b1\u7687\u5bb6\u7cd6\u971c\u5c64\u5c64\u758a\u52a0\u7684\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4ee5\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u7cd6\u8863\u5091\u4f5c\u3002 1920 \u5e74\u81f3 1930 \u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4e86\u502b\u6566\u6a4b\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u8b8a\u9769\u6027\u7684\u9a0e\u884c\u6fc0\u767c\u4e86\u5979\u8003\u616e\u7528\u7cd6\u8907\u88fd\u5176\u512a\u96c5\u800c\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7684\u7dda\u689d\u3002 \u6211\u80fd\u9ad4\u6703\u5230\u3002 \u6211\u53bb\u904e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u7684\u5bb6\u9109\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\uff0c\u90fd\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6211\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u9748\u611f\u4f86\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3002 \u3002 \u3002 \u5979\u8d70\u904e\u502b\u6566\u6a4b\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u8b8a\u9769\u6027\u7684\u9a0e\u884c\u6fc0\u767c\u4e86\u5979\u8003\u616e\u7528\u7cd6\u8907\u88fd\u5176\u512a\u96c5\u800c\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7684\u7dda\u689d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\u6545\u4e8b\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u86cb\u7cd5\u88dd\u98fe\u5e2b\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9e\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u5979\u7df4\u7fd2\u4e26\u958b\u767c\u4e86\u88fd\u4f5c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f9e\u86cb\u7cd5\u4e0a\u5f48\u51fa\u7684\u7e69\u5b50\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6280\u8853\u3002 \u5979\u5c07\u8d85\u8584\u7684\u5f26\u6a02\u5c64\u8f38\u9001\u5230\u652f\u6490\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u6216\u300c\u6a4b\u6a11\u300d\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u6839\u64da\u4e3b\u5edaToba \u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u86cb\u7cd5\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u5728\u86cb\u7cd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6703\u5728\u86cb\u7cd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u689d\u7d72\u5e36\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u4ea4\u532f\u9ede\u8655\u9644\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u8774\u8776\u7d50\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5728\u9802\u90e8\u5674\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c0f\u6735\u82b1\u3002 \u86cb\u7cd5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u554f\u5019\u6216\u7559\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5beb\u4e0a\u540d\u5b57\u548c\u5e74\u9f61\u3002 \u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u60f3\u7834\u58de\u5b83\u7684\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7c21\u6f54\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c31\u50cf\u51b0\u96d5\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u86cb\u7cd5\u5f9e\u4f86\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u5403\u7684\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u8106\u5f31\uff0c\u904b\u8f38\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u4e5f\u5f88\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u529b\u4e5f\u6703\u4f7f\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u6210\u672c\u904e\u9ad8\u3002 \u6258\u5df4\u5eda\u5e2b\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5927\u591a\u7528\u65bc\u86cb\u7cd5\u6bd4\u8cfd\u3002 1950 \u5e74\u81f3 1970 \u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e32\u7d72\u86cb\u7cd5\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u806f\u90a6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6fb3\u6d32\u3001\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u548c\u5357\u975e\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6771\u65b9\u5f26\u6a02\u4f5c\u54c1\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u5e36\u6709\u7687\u5bb6\u7cd6\u8863\u7684\u7d30\u5f26\u985e\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f26\u88ab\u653e\u4e0b\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u66f2\u7dda\u3002 \u9ede\u901a\u904e\u7ba1\u9053\u9023\u63a5\u5230\u9060\u96e2\u86cb\u7cd5\u7684\u7e69\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u9010\u5c64\u6dfb\u52a0\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5728\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c07\u86cb\u7cd5\u985b\u5012\u904e\u4f86\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7e69\u5b50\u5f9e\u9802\u90e8\u548c\u5e95\u90e8\u5782\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5169\u500b\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u512a\u96c5\u7684\u66f2\u7dda\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u9700\u8981\u591a\u6b21\u7ffb\u8f49\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u9069\u5408\u98df\u7528\u86cb\u7cd5\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u7528\u65bc\u6bd4\u8cfd\u6216\u5c55\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7687\u5bb6\u7cd6\u8863\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7cd6\u679c\u7cd6\u548c\u86cb\u6e05\u7684\u591a\u7528\u9014\u6df7\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u7a2e\u9178\u7a69\u5b9a\u5291\uff0c\u5728\u6efe\u908a\u6642\u5f88\u5805\u56fa\u4e26\u4e14\u5f88\u96e3\u4e7e\u71e5\u3002 \u7f8e\u570b\u7cd6\u679c\u5ee0\u7684\u7cd6\u4e2d\u542b\u6709 3% \u7684\u7389\u7c73\u6fb1\u7c89\u3002 \u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cd6\u971c\u6bd4\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u672c\u8981\u5f31\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002 \u82f1\u570b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7cd6\u971c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u542b\u7389\u7c73\u6fb1\u7c89\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u7522\u751f\u660e\u986f\u66f4\u5805\u56fa\u7684\u7cd6\u971c\uff0c\u4e7e\u71e5\u5f8c\u6703\u5805\u786c\u5982\u78d0\u77f3\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4f86\u56de\u5283\u52d5\u5b83\uff0c\u4ee5\u53bb\u9664\u7ba1\u9053\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u7834\u58de\u7434\u5f26\u7684\u6c23\u6ce1\u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\u5c07\u5176\u653e\u5165\u5e36\u6709 0 \u5c16\u7aef\u7684\u77ed\u865f\u6216\u7d19\u76c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u50c5\u5c0f\u6279\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f15\u9b06\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n 1980 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u7f8e\u570b\u5c0d\u8edf\u7cd6\u86cb\u7cd5\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u8207\u65e5\u4ff1\u589e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u50b3\u7d71\u5de5\u85dd\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u4e5f\u8207\u65e5\u4ff1\u589e\u3002 \u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6709\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u4eba\u5b88\u8b77\u8457\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u6258\u5df4\u5eda\u5e2b\u6e34\u671b\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u5979\u5fc5\u9808\u975e\u5e38\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u5c0b\u627e\u624b\u85dd\u7684\u5c0e\u5e2b\u548c\u6307\u5c0e\u54e1\u3002 \u5979\u524d\u5f80\u82f1\u570b\u8aaa\u670d\u5927\u5e2b\u5011\u8a13\u7df4\u5979\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u88ab\u8b7d\u70ba\u85dd\u8853\u5927\u5e2b\u3002 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